Effect
of Fiber Degrading Enzyme on the Utilization of Dietary Fiber in Japanese
Quails (Coturnix japonica)
Rahat
Mobeen, Muhammad Sharif, Haq Nawaz, Fawwad Ahmad, Muhammad Shoaib, Hassan Nisar
and Muhammad Mahboob Ali Hamid*
Institute of
Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Punjab, Pakistan
*For correspondence:
dr.mmahboob@uaf.edu.pk
Received 28 May 2022; Accepted 26 July 2022; Published 16 October 2022
Abstract
The
experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of a fiber degrading
enzyme on dietary fiber utilisation in Japanese quails. Three hundred day-old
quail chicks were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups (A, B, C
and D), each with three replicates and each with 25 quail birds. Four
iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets (CP: 21%; ME: 2850 kcal/kg) were
developed. Diet "A" contained no exogenous enzyme, whereas diets (B,
C and D) contained 200, 300 and 400 g/ton of feed, respectively, of Rovabio®
Advances T-Flex 25 granulated exogenous enzyme. Chicks were fed ad libitum, and
data on growth performance was collected. After the trial was completed, three
birds from each replicate were slaughtered at random to determine carcass
parameters and meat quality. Body weight increased (P < 0.05) in birds given Rovabio® enzyme, but feed
intake and FCR were not significantly different (P > 0.05) across all treatments. The enzyme supplementation had
no effect on carcass characteristics or water holding capacity. Meat pH was lower
(P < 0.05) in birds fed Rovabio®
enzyme at 400 g/ton of feed. When compared to the control diet, enzyme
supplementation significantly improved fiber digestibility (P < 0.05). Protein and fat
digestibility, on the other hand, remained unaffected across all treatments (P > 0.05). The results show that
adding Rovabio® enzyme at a rate of 200 g/ton of feed improves body weight,
fiber digestibility and economics efficiency. © 2022 Friends Science Publishers
Keywords: Enzyme; Fiber; Digestibility; Non-starch polysaccharides;
Meat quality
In developing
countries, the poultry industry is experiencing some critical issues with
animal feed prices, which are unpredictable in the current scenario, as raw
ingredients, primarily corn and soybean, have been increasing in price day by
day (Alagawany and Attia 2015). As a
result, there is a need to consider some low-cost resources, such as
agricultural by-products and other crops, which are significantly less expensive
than conventional feed stuff. As a result, developing countries are paying more
attention to non-traditional feed resources such as vegetable and fruit waste
and agricultural by-products. These ingredients are high in Non-Starch Polysaccharides
(NSPs), which poultry cannot break down or digest, so some exogenous enzymes
must be supplemented (Amerah et al. 2005).
The
current food scarcity necessitates raising quail birds to fill the protein gap
in the human diet (Chimote et al. 2009).
Quail meat is an excellent source of animal protein. Quail birds have a shorter
life span and are resistant to disease. Feed costs could be reduced, and
poultry performance improved by including fiber splitting enzymes such as glucanase
and xylanase in feed (Ashok and Prabakaran 2012).
Most of the feed ingredients contained undigested NSPs such as xylan, glucan,
cellulose, pectin, lignin, and arabinoxylans, which reduce feed utilization,
availability of metabolizable energy, and the performance of the birds. In
poultry diets, technologically advanced enzymes and their by-products from
natural fermentation were supplemented. It has not been found to harm the
health of end-users. In poultry diets, enzymes are used to hydrolyze the fiber
content, primarily NSPs of cereal grains (Cowieson
and Adeola 2005). Due to the populations of gut microbes, exogenous dietary
enzymes can affect the lumen content of broilers. Because of the presence of
NSPs such as xylan, glucan, and arabinoxylan, feeds with a high nutritional
profile respond to a lesser extent. However, the addition of xylanase and
glucanase to poultry diets plays a critical role in alleviating the
anti-nutritional factor NSPs. The addition of xylanase to poultry diets
containing wheat rather than corn has been found to be beneficial (Machado et al. 2020).
Exogenous
enzymes' mode of action varies depending on the arabinoxylan content of cereal
grains (Cowieson et al. 2010). The
high content of NSPs in various cereal grains and cereal
by-products reduces their use in bird diets due to anti-nutritional factors
that increase intestine digesta viscosity. Fiber degrading enzymes have also
been widely used in barley and wheat-based diets to reduce viscosity in the
small intestine through NSP cleavage. Furthermore, these enzymes cleave cell
walls, increasing the absorption and digestibility of sugar molecules derived
from hemicellulose (Albertsen et al. 2011).
Milling by-products contain higher levels of NSPs, limiting birds' efficient
utilization of feed. Among these NSPs are cellulose, -glucans, arabinoxylans,
and pectin. NSPs were found to have anti-nutritive activity even at low
concentrations (50 g/kg) in broiler diets. The anti-nutritive activity
of NSPs was reduced by soaking the cereals in water or supplementing them with
NSP degrading enzymes (Nguyen and Morgan 2021).
In a recent study published by Şentürk et
al. (2021) corn was replaced with barley at two different energy
levels: 2800 and 2900 Kcal/kg. They discovered that barley had a negative
impact on feed intake and egg production.
When
the fiber degrading enzyme xylanase was added to broiler diets, it improved
performance by 2–4% when compared to the control diet without the enzyme. Diets
containing more grains, such as wheat, oat, rye, and barley, outperformed corn
and sorghum-based broiler diets (Cowieson et
al. 2010). The exogenous enzyme in poultry feed primarily hydrolyzes
the feed's NSP content. Corn, wheat, soybean meal, and canola meal, in that
order, contain 8.3, 10.2, 25.7 and 18 percent NSPs (Ward 2014). There have been few studies to evaluate the use of
different types of enzymes and combinations of enzymes in quail diets. The
current study was carried out to investigate the effect of various supplemental
ratios of exogenous enzymes on the utilization of dietary fiber in Japanese
quails.
Trial location
This study was
conducted at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, to assess the effect of
fiber degrading enzyme supplementation in quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix
japonica).
Preparation and cleaning of poultry house
Before the
experiment began, the poultry house was thoroughly whitewashed and fumigated
with KMnO4 and formalin to ensure complete disinfection. For
disinfection, the experiment's drinkers and feeders were washed with water and
dried in the sun. Cleaning and disinfection of the house with equipment were
completed one week before the arrival of the chick.
Experimental birds and diet
Three hundred
day-old Japanese quail chicks were divided into one control and three treatment
groups, with each group having three replicates and each replicate containing
25 quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Four experimental diets were
prepared with equal nitrogenous and caloric value (CP: 21%; ME: 2850 kcal/kg)
(Table 1 and 2). Diet "A" contained no exogenous enzyme, whereas diets
(B, C, and D) contained 200, 300, and 400 g per tonne of Rovabio® Advances T
Flex 25 granulated exogenous enzyme, respectively. Endo-1,4-xylanase 6250 Visco
unit/g and endo-1,3(4)-glucanase 4300 Visco unit/g are both present in Rovabio®
Advances T Flex 25 granulated exogenous enzyme. It was a fungal enzyme,
talaromyces versatilis which was used to culture it. Chicks were reared for 42
days during the experiment, with the same environmental conditions and
management practices applied to all treatments. During the experimental trial,
light was provided by electrical bulbs in the poultry house, and birds were
given ad libitum feed and water.
Data recording and bodyweight
The body
weight of each quail chick was measured upon arrival and then every week for
all experimental groups using an electrical weighing balance.
Feed intake
was calculated for each replicate by subtracting the refusal feed quantity from
the total amount of feed provided throughout the week. The following relationship
was used to calculate chick feed intake.
The
efficiency of feed was estimated by measuring the feed conversion ratio. The
following formula was applied to calculate FCR:
On the 42nd
day of the experiment, three birds were chosen at random from each replicate.
Birds were slaughtered and their feathers were removed after their live body
weight was recorded. Along with the head and shanks, visceral organs were
removed. The percentage weights of the carcass, chest, thigh, liver, gizzard,
and heart were calculated using the formulas below:
Breast meat
samples were collected after slaughter and delivered to the National Institute
of Food and Technology (NIFSAT), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, to
determine the water holding capacity and pH of the meat.
A sample of
15 g of chopped meat was taken and placed in a centrifuge tube. After that,
22.5 mL (0.6 N NaCl) was added to it. The sample was homogenized and
centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min. Water was drained from the tubes, which
were then weighted. The following formula was used to calculate water holding
capacity (WHC):
* 15 is
constant factor.
A sample of 1
g chopped meat was taken and 10 mL water was added to it. The sample was
homogenized, and the pH was determined using a pH meter.
The marker
method was used to assess nutrient digestibility (indirect). As a result, AIA
(Acid insoluble ash) Celite® was added at 1% to the diet of birds and fed to
them. The fecal samples were collected during the trial's final week. Polythene
sheets were placed beneath each pen, and feces were collected twice daily. For
each treatment, the collected samples were properly homogenized and placed in
plastic bags. Feed and fecal samples proximate analysis were recorded by (AOAC 2000). The following formula was used to
determine nutrient digestibility:
Economics
Cost of production per live
weight was recorded on the basis of feed cost and live bird weight (Wadood et al. 2022).
Statistical analysis
Statistical
Analysis System (SAS v. 9.1 for Windows) was used to investigate the collected
data using a Completely Randomized Design. Tukey's test was used to compare
means (Steel et al. 1997).
Results
Growth
performance
Table 3
compares mean values for growth parameters (feed intake, body weight, and FCR).
Birds fed enzyme diets of 200, 300 and 400 g/ton gained more weight (P < 0.05) than the control group diet.
The addition of enzymes had no effect on feed intake or FCR (P > 0.05).
Carcass characteristics
Table 4 shows
the dressing percentage, breast and thigh yield, and giblet organ weight.
Statistical analysis revealed that the addition of enzyme had no effect on
carcass response (P > 0.05).
Meat quality
Table 5 shows
a comparison of mean values for meat quality (pH and water holding capacity).
The pH of meat was lower (P < 0.05)
in birds fed Rovabio® enzyme at 400 g/ton of feed, but enzyme addition had no
effect on WHC.
Nutrient digestibility
Table 6
compares mean values for nutrient digestibility (crude fiber, crude fat, and
crude protein). Fiber digestibility was significantly improved (P < 0.05) with enzyme supplementation
at 200 g/ton compared to the control diet. Protein and fat digestibility, on
the other hand, remained unaffected across all treatments (P > 0.05).
Economics
efficiency
Cost of production per 100 g live weight was lower in birds received Rovabio®
enzyme at 200 g/ton of feed (Table 7).
The current
study found that diets supplemented with an exogenous fiber degrading enzyme
significantly improved body weight (P <
0.05). This could be because increased fiber digestibility leads to
increased nutrient availability and weight gain. Cowieson and Adeola (2005) found similar results, reporting that
exogenous enzyme supplementation in the diet reduced digesta flow rate in the
intestinal tract, improved nutrient utilization, and increased bird body
weight. Increased soluble NSP concentrations are well known to cause increased
digesta viscosity and decreased nutrient digestion and absorption. Glucanase
breaks down polymeric chains into smaller pieces, which reduces gut viscosity
and thus improves the nutritive value of NSP-rich
Table
1: Ingredients composition of experimental diet
Ingredients |
Experimental diets |
|
||
A |
B |
C |
D |
|
Maize |
47.21 |
47.0 |
47.0 |
47.0 |
Wheat grain |
5.0 |
5.0 |
5.0 |
5.0 |
Corn Gluten 60% |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
Rice polishing |
5.0 |
5.0 |
5.0 |
5.0 |
Soybean meal |
17.32 |
17.32 |
17.23 |
17.13 |
Canola meal |
7.0 |
7.0 |
7.0 |
7.0 |
Sunflower meal |
7.88 |
7.88 |
7.88 |
7.88 |
Fish meal |
3.0 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
Vegetable oil |
1.48 |
1.48 |
1.48 |
1.48 |
Limestone (Chips) |
0.91 |
0.91 |
0.91 |
0.91 |
Di-calcium phosphate |
1.30 |
1.30 |
1.30 |
1.30 |
Vit. min. premix |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
L-Lysine Sulphate |
0.69 |
0.69 |
0.69 |
0.69 |
DL-Methionine |
0.14 |
0.14 |
0.14 |
0.14 |
L-Threonine |
0.08 |
0.08 |
0.08 |
0.08 |
Rovabio® Advance |
0 |
0.20 |
0.30 |
0.40 |
Total |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
Rovabio® Advance
is fiber degrading enzyme developed by Adisseo, A Bluestar Company, Europe
Vitalink®
is a vitamins premix; each Kg of it supplied the following: 20,000 KIU Vitamin
A; 5400 KIU Vitamin D3; 48 g Vitamin E; 4 g Vitamin K3; 4 g Vitamin
B1; 4.3 g Vitamin B2; 59.5 g Niacin; 0.20 g Biotin; 20 g
Pantothenic acid; 7.6 g Vitamin B6; 1.7 g Folic Acid; 0.012 g
Vitamin B12
Nutrimin®
is a minerals premix; each Kg of it supplied the following: 120 g ZnSO4;
120 g CuSO4; 140 g MnSO4; 10 g FeSO4; 1.8 g
Iodine
Nutrients |
A |
B |
C |
D |
M.E (kcal/kg) |
2850.00 |
2850.00 |
2850.00 |
2850.00 |
Crude protein |
21.00 |
21.00 |
21.00 |
21.00 |
Ether extract |
4.93 |
4.93 |
4.93 |
4.93 |
Crude fiber |
5.00 |
5.00 |
5.00 |
5.00 |
Calcium |
0.98 |
0.98 |
0.98 |
0.98 |
Avail. P |
0.44 |
0.44 |
0.44 |
0.44 |
Dig. Lysine |
1.24 |
1.24 |
1.24 |
1.24 |
Dig. M+C |
0.82 |
0.82 |
0.82 |
0.82 |
Dig. Threonine |
0.79 |
0.79 |
0.79 |
0.79 |
Table
3: Growth performance of Japanese quails fed
varying levels of exogenous fiber degrading enzyme (1–42 days)
|
Dietary
treatments* |
SEM |
P-Value |
|||
A |
B |
C |
D |
|||
Feed
intake (g) |
607 |
668 |
691 |
678 |
33.6 |
0.359 |
Body
Weight (g) |
141b |
170a |
171a |
168a |
5.35 |
0.011 |
FCR
|
4.32 |
3.96 |
4.03 |
4.04 |
0.257 |
0.770 |
A
= Control group 0 g enzyme
B
= Treatment group 200 g enzyme
C
= Treatment group 300 g enzyme
D
= Treatment group 400 g enzyme
SEM
= Standard error of the mean
a-b
Values in the same row not followed by a
common superscript differ significantly
|
Dietary
treatments* |
SEM |
P-Value |
|||
A |
B |
C |
D |
|||
Live
Weight (g) |
161 |
179 |
171 |
182 |
6.86 |
0.147 |
Dressing
% |
54.41 |
52.97 |
55.59 |
52.67 |
1.27 |
0.350 |
Upper
Half % |
64.48 |
65.42 |
65.06 |
66.51 |
0.637 |
0.166 |
Lower
Half % |
35.46 |
36.10 |
34.58 |
34.66 |
0.689 |
0.369 |
Heart
% |
0.90 |
0.87 |
0.86 |
0.81 |
0.031 |
0.303 |
Liver
% |
2.50 |
2.26 |
2.48 |
2.77 |
0.190 |
0.322 |
Gizzard
% |
2.67 |
2.67 |
2.53 |
3.12 |
0.167 |
0.093 |
A
= Control group 0 g enzyme
B
= Treatment group 200 g enzyme
C
= Treatment group 300 g enzyme
D
= Treatment group 400 g enzyme
SEM
= Standard error of the mean
Upper
half = Breast, wings, neck and spine
Lower
half = Drum stick, thigh and back
grains (Smits and Annison 1996). Cowieson and Ravindran (2008) discovered that
feeding a corn-soy based diet containing multiple enzymes (protease, xylanase,
and amylase) improved weight gain in broiler birds. Avila et al. (2012) reported that when broilers were fed a diet
supplemented with fiber degrading and phytase enzymes, their body weight
increased.
Tiwari et al. (2010) reported
contradictory results, demonstrating that an enzyme cocktail (amylase, protease
and xylanase) had no effect on broiler weight gain. Exogenous NSPase enzyme
addition did not improve weight gain in broilers, according to West et al. (2007). Body weight may not
be increased because there is an insufficient substrate in the negative control
diets or the diet contains nutrient levels above the birds' requirements,
causing enzyme results to be inclusive. This research was conducted on a
corn-soya diet, whereas most studies have been conducted on wheat and
barley-based diets.
When
quail bird diets were supplemented with varying levels of enzymes or without
enzyme, feed intake was not affected (P >
0.05). The findings contradict the findings of Grecco et al. (2019) who demonstrated that feed intake
increased when birds were unable to obtain nutrients from feed, as was observed
when 140 kacl/kg of reduced calories from the control group was offered to
birds. Although xylanase has secondary properties such as -amylase, -glucanase,
protease, and cellulose activity, these may have no effect on feed
digestibility. Selle et al. (2016)
discovered that adding Xylanase and phytase to a wheat-containing broiler diet
improved feed intake.
|
Dietary
treatments* |
SEM |
P-value |
|||
A |
B |
C |
D |
|||
pH
|
5.99a |
5.99a |
5.82ab |
5.55b |
0.07 |
0.008 |
WHC
|
17.81 |
16.40 |
18.87 |
13.98 |
2.56 |
0.587 |
A
= Control group 0 g enzyme
B
= Treatment group 200 g enzyme
C
= Treatment group 300 g enzyme
D
= Treatment group 400 g enzyme
SEM
= Standard error of the mean
a-b Values in the same row not
followed by a common superscript differ significantly
|
Dietary
treatments* |
SEM |
P-value |
|||
A |
B |
C |
D |
|||
Crude
fiber |
77.00b |
89.78a |
84.29ab |
84.88ab |
2.44 |
0.037 |
Crude
fat |
83.84 |
81.00 |
82.66 |
86.90 |
3.33 |
0.658 |
Crude
protein |
59.36 |
70.96 |
58.95 |
60.26 |
3.99 |
0.182 |
A
= Control group 0 g enzyme
B
= Treatment group 200 g enzyme
C
= Treatment group 300 g enzyme
D
= Treatment group 400 g enzyme
SEM
= Standard error of the mean
a-b Values in the same row not
followed by a common superscript differ significantly
Treatments |
Dietary treatments* |
SEM |
P-value |
|||
A |
B |
C |
D |
|||
Day
old bird cost |
8 |
8 |
8 |
8 |
- |
- |
Total
feed cost / bird |
33.69 |
38.63 |
40.74 |
40.74 |
2.88 |
0.359 |
Miscellaneous
|
15 |
15 |
15 |
15 |
- |
- |
Production
cost / bird |
56.69 |
61.63 |
63.74 |
63.74 |
2.88 |
0.37 |
Av.
body weight (g) |
141b |
170a |
171a |
168a |
5.35 |
0.011 |
Production
cost / 100 gm live weight |
40.21a |
36.25c |
37.28b |
37.94b |
1.45 |
0.03 |
A
= Control group 0 g enzyme
B
= Treatment group 200 g enzyme
C
= Treatment group 300 g enzyme
D
= Treatment group 400 g enzyme
SEM
= Standard error of the mean
a-c Values in the same row not
followed by a common superscript differ significantly
enzymes
with low energy diet. As a result of the enzyme-enhanced reduction in viscosity
of digests, which results in more nutrients available for birds via enzyme cocktail supplementation, an
improvement in FCR was observed.
Dressing
percentage and relative carcass weight, as well as thigh, heart, and liver percentage
weight were unaffected (P > 0.05)
in birds fed a control diet or a diet supplemented with varying levels of
exogenous fibrolytic enzymes. Current research findings are consistent with
those of Alagwany et al. (2018)
found that combining enzyme with sunflower meal had no effect on carcass
characteristics other than slowing rate change in broiler birds. Cho et al. (2012) concluded that
supplementing low energy broiler diets with an exogenous fiber degrading enzyme
(Endopower®) did not improve gizzard and liver weight. West et al. (2007) concluded that even when supplemented
with a basal diet, enzyme supplementation had no effect on carcass parameters. The
current study results were partially related to those who supplemented
multi-enzyme to quail diets and found no effect on carcass characteristics,
except liver weight was increased, which could be due to a high sunflower portion
in the diet. The carcass parameters changed significantly when they supplemented
enzyme with sunflower levels, which was not the case when only multi-enzymes
were supplemented in the control diet (Tüzün et
al. 2020).
Bilal et al. (2017) established
that interactions between dietary SFM level and enzyme accumulation in broiler
feeds changed the relative liver, gizzard, and thigh weights. Watee-Kongbuntad and Lumyong (2006) discovered
that incorporating exogenous enzymes into broiler diets significantly improved
broiler carcass weight.
The
addition of enzyme to the diets of quail birds had no effect on the WHC of the
meat. Hussein et al. (2020)
discovered that multi-enzyme preparation in a low energy diet had no effect on
meat WHC and other parameters except pH as meat test was performed 24 h later
on breast meat. Meat pH increased in the control diet versus the less energy
enzyme supplemented diet. The pH change could be explained by changes in
response to slaughter stress, temperature, time, glycogen content at slaughter,
and bird weight. Mnisi and MLambo (2018)
investigated whether meat quality parameters could be preserved by
supplementing with exogenous protease. In vivo trials have shown that
diet phenolic content can affect meat quality. Exogenous enzyme supplementation
had no effect on the meat quality of quail birds in the current scenario. These
findings were consistent with those of Zakaria et
al. (2010) who used a combination of different fiber degrading
enzymes in broiler diets and discovered no difference in the meat water holding
capacity of these birds. Ismail et al.
(2006) reported contradictory findings, observing an increase in meat
WHC when broiler diets were supplemented with fiber degrading enzymes.
The
supplementation of enzyme improved crude fiber digestibility but had no effect
on the level of enzymes in the diet. Exogenous enzymes increase the activity
potential of endogenous enzymes in meat-type quail birds. Another reason could
be the ability of xylanase in the small intestine to break down the backbone of
arabinoxylan into smaller parts (xylose and arabinose). These smaller fragments
improve nutrient digestibility by lowering digesta viscosity. Grecco et al. (2019) discovered an
increase in neutral fiber digestibility with xylanase supplementation in a
diet. Cozannet et al. (2017)
concluded that the multi-carbohydrase enzyme complex (xylanase and
arabinofuranosidase) improved crude fiber digestibility compared to the control
group diet. Yadav and Sah (2005) found
that xylanase supplementation in a nutrient-deficient diet improved crude fiber
digestibility. These findings contradict the findings of Ponte et al. (2004) who discovered that
fiber degrading enzymes had no effect on the digestibility of crude fiber in a
broiler diet. All dietary
treatments had no effect on crude fat digestibility. In contrast to these findings,
Stefanello et al. (2016)
discovered that broiler chicks fed corn-soybean meal-based diets containing
varying levels of xylanase improved their crude fat digestibility by 2‒3%. Romero et al. (2014) concluded that a
corn and soybean meal-based diet supplemented with two different enzyme groups
(xylanase and amylase) (xylanase, amylase, and protease) increased crude fat
digestibility significantly.
In
the current study, there was no difference (P
> 0.05) in crude protein digestibility across all dietary treatments. Cowieson and Ravindran (2008) discovered that after
incorporating xylanase, amylase, and protease into the broiler diet, ileal
protein and nitrogen digestibility remained unaffected. Olukosi et al. (2007) discovered that a soybean and
corn-based diet supplemented with a combination of enzymes (xylanase, amylase,
and protease) improved protein digestibility. The variation in results caused
by the addition of enzymes to feed and dietary energy may be related to the
amount of substrate exposed to the enzyme or the availability of energy from
the dietary ingredients themselves (Adeola and
Cowieson 2011).
The results
show that adding Rovabio® enzyme at a rate of 200 g/ton of feed improves body
weight, fiber digestibility and economics efficiency.
Author Contributions
RM and MS did
experimental work and manuscript writing; MS and HN designed the experiment; FA
and HS performed data analysis; MS and MMAH prepared the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts
of interest
Data Availability
Data is available
Ethics Approval
All the experimental protocols were reviewed and approved by
the Departmental Scrutiny Committee of the University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad
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Choosing enzyme solution depends on many factors. Feedstuffs 86:1‒4